Make LinExpr.coefficient() always return a Fraction

[linpy.git] / doc / reference.rst

diff --git a/doc/reference.rst b/doc/reference.rst
index 8184c43..de5300d 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/reference.rst
+++ b/doc/reference.rst
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ They correspond to mathematical variables.
 
     Return a symbol with the name string given in argument.
     Alternatively, the function :func:`symbols` allows to create several symbols at once.
 
     Return a symbol with the name string given in argument.
     Alternatively, the function :func:`symbols` allows to create several symbols at once.

-    Symbols are instances of class :class:`LinExpr` and, as such, inherit its functionalities.
+    Symbols are instances of class :class:`LinExpr` and inherit its functionalities.

 
     >>> x = Symbol('x')
     >>> x
 
     >>> x = Symbol('x')
     >>> x


@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ They correspond to mathematical variables.
     >>> x, y = symbols(['x', 'y'])
 
 
     >>> x, y = symbols(['x', 'y'])
 
 

-Sometimes, you need to have a unique symbol, for example as a temporary one in some calculation, which is going to be substituted for something else at the end anyway.
+Sometimes you need to have a unique symbol. For example, you might need a temporary one in some calculation, which is going to be substituted for something else at the end anyway.

 This is achieved using ``Dummy('x')``.
 
 .. class:: Dummy(name=None)
 
 This is achieved using ``Dummy('x')``.
 
 .. class:: Dummy(name=None)
 

-    A variation of :class:`Symbol` which are all unique, identified by an internal count index.
+    A variation of :class:`Symbol` in which all symbols are unique and identified by an internal count index.

     If a name is not supplied then a string value of the count index will be used.
     This is useful when a unique, temporary variable is needed and the name of the variable used in the expression is not important.
 
     If a name is not supplied then a string value of the count index will be used.
     This is useful when a unique, temporary variable is needed and the name of the variable used in the expression is not important.
 


@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ For example, if ``x`` is a :class:`Symbol`, then ``x + 1`` is an instance of :cl
 .. class:: LinExpr(coefficients=None, constant=0)
               LinExpr(string)
 
 .. class:: LinExpr(coefficients=None, constant=0)
               LinExpr(string)
 

-    Return a linear expression from a dictionary or a sequence that maps symbols to their coefficients, and a constant term.
-    The coefficients and the constant must be rational numbers.
+    Return a linear expression from a dictionary or a sequence, that maps symbols to their coefficients, and a constant term.
+    The coefficients and the constant term must be rational numbers.

 
     For example, the linear expression ``x + 2y + 1`` can be constructed using one of the following instructions:
 
 
     For example, the linear expression ``x + 2y + 1`` can be constructed using one of the following instructions:
 


@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ For example, if ``x`` is a :class:`Symbol`, then ``x + 1`` is an instance of :cl
     >>> LinExpr({x: 1, y: 2}, 1)
     >>> LinExpr([(x, 1), (y, 2)], 1)
 
     >>> LinExpr({x: 1, y: 2}, 1)
     >>> LinExpr([(x, 1), (y, 2)], 1)
 

-    although it may be easier to use overloaded operators:
+    However, it may be easier to use overloaded operators:

 
     >>> x, y = symbols('x y')
     >>> x + 2*y + 1
 
     >>> x, y = symbols('x y')
     >>> x + 2*y + 1


@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ For example, if ``x`` is a :class:`Symbol`, then ``x + 1`` is an instance of :cl
     A linear expression with no symbol, only a constant term, is automatically subclassed as a :class:`Rational` instance.
 
     .. method:: coefficient(symbol)
     A linear expression with no symbol, only a constant term, is automatically subclassed as a :class:`Rational` instance.
 
     .. method:: coefficient(symbol)

-                   __getitem__(symbol)
+                __getitem__(symbol)

 
         Return the coefficient value of the given symbol, or ``0`` if the symbol does not appear in the expression.
 
 
         Return the coefficient value of the given symbol, or ``0`` if the symbol does not appear in the expression.
 


@@ -161,9 +161,9 @@ For example, if ``x`` is a :class:`Symbol`, then ``x + 1`` is an instance of :cl
     As explained below, it is possible to create polyhedra from linear expressions using comparison methods.
 
     .. method:: __lt__(expr)
     As explained below, it is possible to create polyhedra from linear expressions using comparison methods.
 
     .. method:: __lt__(expr)

-                   __le__(expr)
-                   __ge__(expr)
-                   __gt__(expr)
+                __le__(expr)
+                __ge__(expr)
+                __gt__(expr)

 
         Create a new :class:`Polyhedron` instance whose unique constraint is the comparison between two linear expressions.
         As an alternative, functions :func:`Lt`, :func:`Le`, :func:`Ge` and :func:`Gt` can be used.
 
         Create a new :class:`Polyhedron` instance whose unique constraint is the comparison between two linear expressions.
         As an alternative, functions :func:`Lt`, :func:`Le`, :func:`Ge` and :func:`Gt` can be used.


@@ -178,10 +178,10 @@ For example, if ``x`` is a :class:`Symbol`, then ``x + 1`` is an instance of :cl
         Return the expression multiplied by its lowest common denominator to make all values integer.
 
     .. method:: subs(symbol, expression)
         Return the expression multiplied by its lowest common denominator to make all values integer.
 
     .. method:: subs(symbol, expression)

-                   subs(pairs)
+                subs(pairs)

 
         Substitute the given symbol by an expression and return the resulting expression.
 
         Substitute the given symbol by an expression and return the resulting expression.

-        Raise :exc:`TypeError` is the resulting expression is not linear.
+        Raise :exc:`TypeError` if the resulting expression is not linear.

 
         >>> x, y = symbols('x y')
         >>> e = x + 2*y + 1
 
         >>> x, y = symbols('x y')
         >>> e = x + 2*y + 1


@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ For example, if ``x`` is a :class:`Symbol`, then ``x + 1`` is an instance of :cl
     .. classmethod:: fromsympy(expr)
 
         Create a linear expression from a :mod:`sympy` expression.
     .. classmethod:: fromsympy(expr)
 
         Create a linear expression from a :mod:`sympy` expression.

-        Raise :exc:`ValueError` is the :mod:`sympy` expression is not linear.
+        Raise :exc:`TypeError` is the :mod:`sympy` expression is not linear.

 
     .. method:: tosympy()
 
 
     .. method:: tosympy()
 


@@ -216,21 +216,21 @@ They are implemented by the :class:`Rational` class, that inherits from both :cl
 .. class:: Rational(numerator, denominator=1)
               Rational(string)
 
 .. class:: Rational(numerator, denominator=1)
               Rational(string)
 

-    The first version requires that *numerator* and *denominator* are instances of :class:`numbers.Rational` and returns a new :class:`Rational` instance with value ``numerator/denominator``.
-    If denominator is ``0``, it raises a :exc:`ZeroDivisionError`.
+    The first version requires that the *numerator* and *denominator* are instances of :class:`numbers.Rational` and returns a new :class:`Rational` instance with the value ``numerator/denominator``.
+    If the denominator is ``0``, it raises a :exc:`ZeroDivisionError`.

     The other version of the constructor expects a string.
     The usual form for this instance is::
 
         [sign] numerator ['/' denominator]
 
     The other version of the constructor expects a string.
     The usual form for this instance is::
 
         [sign] numerator ['/' denominator]
 

-    where the optional ``sign`` may be either '+' or '-' and ``numerator`` and ``denominator`` (if present) are strings of decimal digits.
+    where the optional ``sign`` may be either '+' or '-' and the ``numerator`` and ``denominator`` (if present) are strings of decimal digits.

 
     See the documentation of :class:`fractions.Fraction` for more information and examples.
 
 Polyhedra
 ---------
 
 
     See the documentation of :class:`fractions.Fraction` for more information and examples.
 
 Polyhedra
 ---------
 

-A *convex polyhedron* (or simply polyhedron) is the space defined by a system of linear equalities and inequalities.
+A *convex polyhedron* (or simply "polyhedron") is the space defined by a system of linear equalities and inequalities.

 This space can be unbounded.
 
 .. class:: Polyhedron(equalities, inequalities)
 This space can be unbounded.
 
 .. class:: Polyhedron(equalities, inequalities)


@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ This space can be unbounded.
     >>> square2 = Polyhedron('2 <= x <= 4, 2 <= y <= 4')
     >>> Polyhedron(square | square2)
 
     >>> square2 = Polyhedron('2 <= x <= 4, 2 <= y <= 4')
     >>> Polyhedron(square | square2)
 

-    A polyhedron is a :class:`Domain` instance, and, as such, inherits the functionalities of this class.
+    A polyhedron is a :class:`Domain` instance, and, therefore, inherits the functionalities of this class.

     It is also a :class:`GeometricObject` instance.
 
     .. attribute:: equalities
     It is also a :class:`GeometricObject` instance.
 
     .. attribute:: equalities


@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ This space can be unbounded.
 
     .. method:: widen(polyhedron)
 
 
     .. method:: widen(polyhedron)
 

-        Compute the standard widening of two polyhedra, à la Halbwachs.
+        Compute the *standard widening* of two polyhedra, à la Halbwachs.

 
 
 .. data:: Empty
 
 
 .. data:: Empty


@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ Unlike polyhedra, domains allow exact computation of union and complementary ope
 
     .. attribute:: symbols
 
 
     .. attribute:: symbols
 

-        The tuple of symbols present in the domain expression, sorted according to :meth:`Symbol.sortkey`.
+        The tuple of symbols present in the domain equations, sorted according to :meth:`Symbol.sortkey`.

 
     .. attribute:: dimension
 
 
     .. attribute:: dimension
 


@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ Unlike polyhedra, domains allow exact computation of union and complementary ope
 
     .. method:: __contains__(point)
 
 
     .. method:: __contains__(point)
 

-        Return ``True`` if the :class:`Point` is contained within the domain.
+        Return ``True`` if the point is contained within the domain.

 
     .. method:: faces()
 
 
     .. method:: faces()
 


@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ Unlike polyhedra, domains allow exact computation of union and complementary ope
 Comparison and Logic Operators
 ------------------------------
 
 Comparison and Logic Operators
 ------------------------------
 

-The following functions allow to create :class:`Polyhedron` or :class:`Domain` instances by comparison of :class:`LinExpr` instances:
+The following functions create :class:`Polyhedron` or :class:`Domain` instances using the comparisons of two or more :class:`LinExpr` instances:

 
 .. function:: Lt(expr1, expr2[, expr3, ...])
 
 
 .. function:: Lt(expr1, expr2[, expr3, ...])
 


@@ -503,15 +503,15 @@ The following functions allow to create :class:`Polyhedron` or :class:`Domain` i
 
     Create the polyhedron with constraints ``expr1 > expr2 > expr3 ...``.
 
 
     Create the polyhedron with constraints ``expr1 > expr2 > expr3 ...``.
 

-The following functions allow to combine :class:`Polyhedron` or :class:`Domain` instances using logic operators:
+The following functions combine :class:`Polyhedron` or :class:`Domain` instances using logic operators:

 
 .. function:: Or(domain1, domain2[, ...])
 
 
 .. function:: Or(domain1, domain2[, ...])
 

-    Create the union domain of domains given in arguments.
+    Create the union domain of the domains given in arguments.

 
 .. function:: And(domain1, domain2[, ...])
 
 
 .. function:: And(domain1, domain2[, ...])
 

-    Create the intersection domain of domains given in arguments.
+    Create the intersection domain of the domains given in arguments.

 
 .. function:: Not(domain)
 
 
 .. function:: Not(domain)
 


@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ Geometric Objects
 
 .. class:: Point(coordinates)
 
 
 .. class:: Point(coordinates)
 

-    Create a point from a dictionnary or a sequence that maps symbols to their coordinates.
+    Create a point from a dictionary or a sequence that maps the symbols to their coordinates.

     Coordinates must be rational numbers.
 
     For example, the point ``(x: 1, y: 2)`` can be constructed using one of the following instructions:
     Coordinates must be rational numbers.
 
     For example, the point ``(x: 1, y: 2)`` can be constructed using one of the following instructions:


@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ Geometric Objects
     >>> p = Point({x: 1, y: 2})
     >>> p = Point([(x, 1), (y, 2)])
 
     >>> p = Point({x: 1, y: 2})
     >>> p = Point([(x, 1), (y, 2)])
 

-    :class:`Point` instances are hashable, and should be treated as immutable.
+    :class:`Point` instances are hashable and should be treated as immutable.

 
     A point is a :class:`GeometricObject` instance.
 
 
     A point is a :class:`GeometricObject` instance.
 


@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ Geometric Objects
         The dimension of the point, i.e. the number of symbols present in it.
 
     .. method:: coordinate(symbol)
         The dimension of the point, i.e. the number of symbols present in it.
 
     .. method:: coordinate(symbol)

-                   __getitem__(symbol)
+                __getitem__(symbol)

 
         Return the coordinate value of the given symbol.
         Raise :exc:`KeyError` if the symbol is not involved in the point.
 
         Return the coordinate value of the given symbol.
         Raise :exc:`KeyError` if the symbol is not involved in the point.


@@ -590,12 +590,12 @@ Geometric Objects
 
     .. method:: __add__(vector)
 
 
     .. method:: __add__(vector)
 

-        Translate the point by a :class:`Vector` instance and return the resulting point.
+        Translate the point by a :class:`Vector` object and return the resulting point.

 
     .. method:: __sub__(point)
 
     .. method:: __sub__(point)

-                   __sub__(vector)
+                __sub__(vector)

 
 

-        The first version substract a point from another and return the resulting vector.
+        The first version substracts a point from another and returns the resulting vector.

         The second version translates the point by the opposite vector of *vector* and returns the resulting point.
 
     .. method:: __eq__(point)
         The second version translates the point by the opposite vector of *vector* and returns the resulting point.
 
     .. method:: __eq__(point)


@@ -604,11 +604,12 @@ Geometric Objects
 
 
 .. class:: Vector(coordinates)
 
 
 .. class:: Vector(coordinates)

+           Vector(point1, point2)

 
 

-    Create a point from a dictionnary or a sequence that maps symbols to their coordinates, similarly to :meth:`Point`.
-    Coordinates must be rational numbers.
+    The first version creates a vector from a dictionary or a sequence that maps the symbols to their coordinates, similarly to :meth:`Point`.
+    The second version creates a vector between two points.

 
 

-    :class:`Vector` instances are hashable, and should be treated as immutable.
+    :class:`Vector` instances are hashable and should be treated as immutable.

 
     .. attribute:: symbols
 
 
     .. attribute:: symbols
 


@@ -619,7 +620,7 @@ Geometric Objects
         The dimension of the point, i.e. the number of symbols present in it.
 
     .. method:: coordinate(symbol)
         The dimension of the point, i.e. the number of symbols present in it.
 
     .. method:: coordinate(symbol)

-                   __getitem__(symbol)
+                __getitem__(symbol)

 
         Return the coordinate value of the given symbol.
         Raise :exc:`KeyError` if the symbol is not involved in the point.
 
         Return the coordinate value of the given symbol.
         Raise :exc:`KeyError` if the symbol is not involved in the point.


@@ -641,13 +642,13 @@ Geometric Objects
         Return ``True`` if not all coordinates are ``0``.
 
     .. method:: __add__(point)
         Return ``True`` if not all coordinates are ``0``.
 
     .. method:: __add__(point)

-                   __add__(vector)
+                __add__(vector)

 
         The first version translates the point *point* to the vector and returns the resulting point.
         The second version adds vector *vector* to the vector and returns the resulting vector.
 
     .. method:: __sub__(point)
 
         The first version translates the point *point* to the vector and returns the resulting point.
         The second version adds vector *vector* to the vector and returns the resulting vector.
 
     .. method:: __sub__(point)

-                   __sub__(vector)
+                __sub__(vector)

 
         The first version substracts a point from a vector and returns the resulting point.
         The second version returns the difference vector between two vectors.
 
         The first version substracts a point from a vector and returns the resulting point.
         The second version returns the difference vector between two vectors.


@@ -656,6 +657,18 @@ Geometric Objects
 
         Return the opposite vector.
 
 
         Return the opposite vector.
 

+    .. method:: __mul__(value)
+
+        Multiply the vector by a scalar value and return the resulting vector.
+
+    .. method:: __truediv__(value)
+
+        Divide the vector by a scalar value and return the resulting vector.
+
+    .. method:: __eq__(vector)
+
+        Test whether two vectors are equal.
+

     .. method:: angle(vector)
 
         Retrieve the angle required to rotate the vector into the vector passed in argument.
     .. method:: angle(vector)
 
         Retrieve the angle required to rotate the vector into the vector passed in argument.


@@ -670,25 +683,13 @@ Geometric Objects
 
         Compute the dot product of two vectors.
 
 
         Compute the dot product of two vectors.
 

-    .. method:: __eq__(vector)
-
-        Test whether two vectors are equal.
-
-    .. method:: __mul__(value)
-
-        Multiply the vector by a scalar value and return the resulting vector.
-
-    .. method:: __truediv__(value)
-
-        Divide the vector by a scalar value and return the resulting vector.
-

     .. method:: norm()
 
         Return the norm of the vector.
 
     .. method:: norm2()
 
     .. method:: norm()
 
         Return the norm of the vector.
 
     .. method:: norm2()
 

-        Return the square norm of the vector.
+        Return the squared norm of the vector.

 
     .. method:: asunit()
 
 
     .. method:: asunit()